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Project Summary

Difficulty	1
Time required	Very Short (a day or less)
Prerequisites	None
Material Availability	Readily available
Cost	Average ($50 - $100)
Safety	Adult supervision required for swim tests.

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Sponsored by a generous grant from Northrop Grumman Foundation

Weightless Flights of Discovery Program for Teachers

www.northropgrumman.com/ community/weightless.html

Abstract

Objective

In this experiment, you will investigate different foot adaptations of water birds to see if they increase the speed of swimming.

Introduction

Water birds use their feet to swim through the water, often as a way to get food. Penguins need to dive and swim quickly through the water to chase and catch small fish as prey. Ducks swim to eat from the bottom of ponds, lakes, and streams. Each type of swimming bird has a unique adaptation for locomotion through the water.

How do ducks swim? According to the National History Museum: "Birds with webbed feet can paddle through the water and walk on mud. As a duck pushes its feet back, the web spreads out to provide more surface to thrust the water. Then, as the duck draws its foot forward and brings the toes together, the web folds up so there is less resistance to the water" (NHM, 2006). This resistance is in the form of friction, and is an important force in hydrodynamics and locomotion.

Here is a picture of two duck feet showing the webbing between the toes. (Copyright © 2003 Matthew Mullenweg)

There are many different kinds of water birds, each with adaptations for swimming through the water. Ducks, geese, and pelicans have webbing between their toes. Other water birds, like grebes have flattened, lobed toes that help with diving and swimming. In this experiment you will use swim fins to make three sets of bird feet: one from a non-swimmer, one from a grebe, and one from a duck. Which adaptations will help a swimmer swim the fastest?

Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research

To do this type of experiment you should know what the following terms mean. Have an adult help you search the internet, or take you to your local library to find out more!

• water birds
  • ducks
  • geese
  • grebes
  • penguins
  • and many more...
• foot morphology
• surface area
• hydrodynamics
• locomotion
• friction

• How are the feet of water birds unique from other birds?
• How does the webbing of duck feet help ducks to swim?
• Does the webbing of water birds increase or decrease surface area of the feet?

Bibliography

• Morse, S. and Wiessinger, J., 2006. "Wet Feet," Roger Tory Peterson Institute of Natural History. [Accessed October 16, 2006] http://www.enaturalist.org/unit/201/qr
• NHM, 2006. "The Bird Site: Feet," The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Foundation [Accessed October 16, 2006] http://www.nhm.org/birds/guide/pg010.html
• LeSieg, T., 1965. I Wish That I Had Duck Feet, New York, NY: Random House.

Materials and Equipment

• pool
• swimmer
• stop-watch
• kick board
• three pairs of large swim fins (you will cut two of them up, so preferably used and cheap!)
• strong pair of scissors
• permanent marker

Experimental Procedure

1. First you need to find a location with a lap pool and a good swimmer to help you with your experiment.
2. Next, you will need to make three sets of fins for your swimmer's feet, each modeled after a different kind of bird: a non-swimming bird (A), a grebe-like bird (B), and a duck-like bird (C). Use the images below to outline the shape of the bird foot on the fin and then use the scissors to cut out portions of the fin between the "toes" of the bird. When you are finished you should have three sets of fins that look similar to the drawings below:

3. Now go to the pool with your swimming volunteer to conduct the experiment. Bring your volunteer, the three pairs of "feet", a kick board, a stop-watch, and a data table.
4. You will have your helper use each set of "feet" to swim one lap of the pool while you time the lap with a stop watch. You should do three trials for each set of "feet" to get more reliable data. For each trial, explain to your volunteer that they should wait for you to say "GO!" and then swim to the other end of the pool while holding on to the kick board and without using their arms. When they get to the other side you will stop the stop-watch and record the time in the data table:

   	Time (seconds)
   	Trial 1	Trial 2	Trial 3	Average
   Non-swimming feet
   Grebe-like feet
   Duck-like feet

5. When you get home you will need to calculate the average time for each set of "feet" to swim across the pool. Do this by adding together the times for the three trials and dividing the answer by three.
6. Make a bar graph of the swim time for each type of foot pattern. Do this by making a scale of time in seconds on the left side (y-axis) of the graph. Then draw a bar for each type of "foot" up to the matching average number of seconds it took for the volunteer to swim across the pool. How do they compare? Which type of "foot" gave the best swim times? How does this make you think about foot adaptations in swimming birds?

Variations

• One way that webbing can cause faster swimming is by making the surface area of the foot larger. Try measuring the surface area of your fin designs to see if the faster times also have larger surface area. You can measure the surface area by placing the fins on several sheets of graph paper that have been taped together, outlining the fin and then counting the number of squares inside. Make a graph of this new data. Do you see a trend?
• In this experiment you used fins to mimic the feet of swimming birds, but there is one major difference— the fins that you used for your experiment can't open and close when swimming. When a duck swims, it spreads the feet when pushing back (the down stroke) and closes the feet when pulling the foot forward (the up stroke). Do an experiment showing how this behavior results in changes in the surface area of the foot during each stroke. Which stroke has the largest surface area, the upstroke or the down stroke? How do you think this alternation of strokes helps the bird swim through the water during locomotion?

• For more science project ideas in this area of science, see Aerodynamics & Hydrodynamics Project Ideas.

Credits

Sara Agee, Ph.D., Science Buddies

Last edit date: 2006-10-31 20:00:00

Career Focus

If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring careers in Aerodynamics & Hydrodynamics.

	Aerospace Engineer Humans have always longed to fly and to make other things fly, both through the air and into outer space—aerospace engineers are the people that make those dreams come true. They design, build, and test vehicles like airplanes, helicopters, balloons, rockets, missiles, satellites, and spacecraft.			Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technician Aerospace engineering and operations technicians are essential to the development of new aircraft and space vehicles. They build, test, and maintain parts for air and spacecraft, and assemble, test, and maintain the vehicles as well. They are key members of a flight readiness team, preparing space vehicles for launch in clean rooms, and on the launch pad. They also help troubleshoot launch or flight failures by testing suspect parts.
	Pilot Pilots fly airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft to accomplish a variety of tasks. While the primary job of most pilots is to fly people and cargo from place to place, 20 percent of all pilots have more specialized jobs, like dropping fire retardant, seeds, or pesticides from the air, or helping law enforcement rescue and transport accident victims, and capture criminals. Pilots enjoy working and helping people in the “third dimension."			Aviation Inspector Aviation inspectors are critical to ensuring that aircraft are safe to fly. They conduct pre-flight inspections to make sure an aircraft is safe. They also inspect the work of aircraft mechanics, and keep detailed records of work done to maintain or repair an aircraft. As problems are identified, they may make changes to maintenance schedules, and may be called upon to investigate air accidents.
	Marine Architect Water covers more than 70 percent of Earth's surface, and marine architects design vessels that allow humans and their cargo to cross through or under those waters safely and efficiently. Some of their watercraft designs are enormous, like merchant ships, which carry huge loads of oil, cars, food, clothing, toys, and other goods, across thousands of miles of open waters. These ships are essential for trade between countries. Other vessels are smaller and more specialized, like luxury yachts or cruise liners. Still others are designed for military purposes.

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